A Review of the Importance of Demulsifiers in Oil Refining and Effective Methods of Their Application



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Abstract

A characteristic feature of the current stage in the development of Kazakhstan’s oil and gas industry is the transition of many major oil fields under development to the stage of declining production. The specific nature of developing heavy oil fields leads to a number of common challenges faced by oil companies. These include complications in the operation of oilfield equipment, reduced maintenance intervals for both surface and downhole equipment, increased equipment failure due to rising loads, low profitability of well operation, problems with the utilization and rational use of associated petroleum gas, and, as a result, extremely low profitability of field development and operation. To date, numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the mechanisms of emulsification and demulsification. Stable emulsions have both technical and economic implications for the industry, particularly in terms of treatment facilities, processing, and transportation. Effective treatment is essential to ensure optimal hydrocarbon production. This article reviews the published work on oil emulsion formation, demulsification treatment, characteristics of suitable demulsifiers for this purpose, and the mechanisms of oil emulsion formation. Crude oil contains natural surfactants with a strong tendency to form stable emulsions. Stable emulsions must be properly treated to meet industrial standards. Therefore, fundamental studies of natural surfactants that contribute to emulsion stability are analyzed to enable effective separation of emulsions into oil and water. This includes the evaluation of various published mechanisms of emulsification and the appropriate formulation for effective demulsification.

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