Natural hydrogen: origin, geological distribution, and detection methods – a brief overview



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Abstract

Natural hydrogen is an environmentally friendly and promising energy source that can play a significant role in the low-carbon economy. This article examines the origin, geological distribution, and identification methods of natural hydrogen. Based on the analysis of literature data, the main sources of its formation have been identified: serpentinization, radiolysis of water, mechanical destruction of rocks, magma degassing, and weathering of the Earth's crust. Among these, serpentinization stands out as the most significant process, occurring in mid-ocean ridge and subduction zones, where the interaction of water with divalent iron leads to the formation of hydrogen. The geographical distribution of natural hydrogen includes oceanic spreading centers, passive margins, subduction zones, faults, and intraplate regions. High concentrations of H₂ are often observed in tectonically active areas, such as the San Andreas Fault and the Taoudeni Basin. The identification of natural hydrogen is carried out using isotopic analysis and H₂/CH₄ ratios, which make it possible to distinguish between mantle-derived and crustal origins. Despite the current limitations in research and exploration of natural hydrogen deposits, its production could significantly reduce the cost of hydrogen energy and accelerate the transition to sustainable energy sources. The study highlights the need for further investigation into the mechanisms of hydrogen generation, accumulation, and migration, as well as the development of extraction technologies. The presented review systematizes current knowledge about natural hydrogen and serves as a foundation for future scientific and practical advancements in this field.

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Copyright (c) Opakhai S., Kuterbekov K., Bekmyrza K., Kabyshev A., Kubenova M., Aidarbekov N., Zhumadilova Z., Zeinulla Z.

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